National University of Singapore Essay

The appearance of the yellow crystals obtained tallies with the reference physical appearance of Dibenzalacetone1. The appearance of the white powder obtained also tallies with the reference physical appearance of o-Chlorobenzoic acid2. The yields of the compounds are relatively low at 34.2% and 29.5%. This may be due to some possible sources of error and limitations which will be discussed in the next section. Limitations and Sources of Error Loss of compounds was an important factor that caused the yield of the purified compounds to be reduced. This may have occurred first during the extraction phase where extraction may not be complete. During the filtration and vacuum filtration processes, there was also a high level of difficulty in retrieving all the wanted products due to the products forming on the edges of the filter paper or sticking to the sides of the apparatus. Although the yield can be improved by increasing the number of extractions, the increase will not be significant enough (explained under exercise question 1) to overcome the loss of the compounds due to frequent transferring of the products. The usage of the separatory funnel to separate the 2 organic and aqueous layers limited the accuracy of the experiment due to potential contamination. There was difficulty in determining the exact boundaries between the organic and aqueous layers accurately even under precautions such as conducting the separation at slow speed and at eye level. Contamination of the purified products will cause the melting point determination to deviate from actual results and identifying the compounds incorrectly. The solubility test conducted to determine the recrystallization solvent might be another possible source of error. The amount of compound to be added into 2mL of the solvent was estimated rather than accurately weighed. This may have caused errors in determining the solubility of the compounds in the solvents and hence, led to incorrect use of the proper recrystallization technique for the compounds. Furthermore, cloudy mixtures obtained upon mixing the compound and the solvent might cause the solubility of the compounds to be inaccurately determined. Conclusion A mixture of 2 organic compounds was separated using recrystallization and purified. Melting Point Determination was the method used to identify the 2 organic compounds and cross-checking the experimental results obtained with a list of possible organic compounds showed that the Neutral Compound was Dibenzalacetone and the Acidic Compound was o-Chlorobenzoic acid. Verifying the identified compounds via their appearances with references further validated the experimental results. References 1. Royal Society of Chemistry, Chemspider, Search and Share Chemistry http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.86113.html, Retrieved 14 September 2013 2. Royal Society of Chemistry, Chemspider, Search and Share Chemistry http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.8071.html, Retrieved 14 September 2013 Exercise Questions Question 1 a) D = [X]o / [X]w When D = 8, [A]o = 8 [A]w Since mass can be expressed as a product of volume and concentration as shown in Equation 1 below, by letting Vo be the volume of organic layer, Vw the volume of aqueous layer with m being the total initial mass of A, Equation 2 can be obtained. ———- Equation 1 ———- Equation 2 Using Equation 2 and subbing in known values, we can obtain ———- Equation 3 Solving, we get [A]w = 1.11 X 10-2 g/mL b) Using Equation 2, For 1st Extraction, ———- Equation 4 Solving, we get [A]w = 2.00 X 10-2 g/mL For 2nd Extraction, ———- Equation 5 Solving, we get [A]w = 4.00 X 10-3 g/mL c) Repeating the above method as shown in (b) for multiple extractions, we can obtain For 4th Extraction using 20 mL of dichloromethane, [A]w = 1.23 x 10-3 g/mL For 8th Extraction using 10 mL of dichloromethane, [A]w = 3.91 X 10-4 g/mL d) Based on calculation above, while the total amount of dichloromethane used in (a), (b) and (c) remained constant at 80 mL, the values of [A]w obtained decreases with increasing number of extractions done with smaller amounts of dichloromethane used during each extraction. Multi-extraction allows more of the solute to dissolve in the solvent. This leads to a higher amount of solute extracted. e) To access if excessive extraction (8 times) is necessary, the yield difference of solute extracted between doing 4 and 8 times extraction must be considered. Mass of solute not extracted by 4-times Extraction = 1.23 X 10-3 X 80 = 0.0984 g Mass of solute not extracted by 8-times Extraction = 3.91 X 10-4 X 80 = 0.0313 g Percentage yield of solute using 4-times Extraction = = 98.8% Percentage yield of solute using 8-times Extraction = = 99.6% The percentage yield increases by 0.8% which is not very significant as calculated above. This does not justify the cost and time needed to carry out excessive extraction since the yield difference is small. Question 2 c) A better solvent for recrystallization of B will give a higher yield of B crystals. Based on the calculation in (a) and (b), water gives a higher yield of crystals (8.54 g at 25Â °C and 9.81 g at 0Â °C ) as compared to ethanol (7.38 g at 25Â °C and 8.21 g at 0Â °C). Hence, water is a better solvent for the recrystallization of B. d) The crystals should be washed with cold solvent (0Â °C). The solubility of compounds increases with increasing temperature. Washing the crystals with cold solvent ensures that the crystals do not dissolve back into the solvent. Washing the crystals with warm solvent will cause the yield of crystals to diminish.

Favourite Food Essay

Recently, I was visiting a tiny village in Germany, about 80 km from Berlin. It was like going back in time — it was a quiet old European village, just like I had imagined. We went to a little restaurant run by a family in their cottage. Traditionally, the family belonged to the blacksmith community, but they shifted to cooking 200 years ago and had set up a cozy restaurant in their own house. The cottage was lovely and had all the rustic old-world charm of European countryside. It was surrounded by woods and our host told us we would be going into the forest to pick our own mushrooms. I had never Picked mushrooms before and didn’t even know how to begin. The host, Volker, showed me how to tell the good mushrooms from the bad ones. When you turn the head of the mushroom, it should be smooth and flat — if it’s serrated or horned, it’s likely to be bad. We spent quite a bit of time looking for mushrooms and got so hungry picking them, we were really looking forward to eating. Anybody will agree that hunger is the best spice to any hearty meal. We sipped on some cold beer while the mushrooms were cooked in wine and white sauce and then baked into pizza-style bread. That was just wonderful. They also served plum cakes and apple pie along with another chicken preparation. They also gave us some homemade wine to go along with the food. It was a sumptuous country meal. I remember the restaurant and the delicious food well, but what I remember most is the warmth of the hosts. The usual impression about Europeans is that they are cold and indifferent but my hosts in Germany were very welcoming. I also remember it as a day I learned so much about mushrooms and I had to go forage for my own meal. This was by far my most memorable food experience in all these years.

Approaches to Correction of Class III Skeletal Malocclusion

Approaches to Correction of Class III Skeletal Malocclusion Combined Orthodontic and Surgical Approach in the Correction of Class III Skeletal Malocclusion Dr. Abdulaziz AlShahrani Astrac While growth modification and camouflage orthodontic treatment offers a limited solution in treating some skeletal Class III malocclusion depending on the age of the patient , Underlying skeletal severity, alignment of the teeth and the vertical facial proportions, a combination of surgical and Orthodontic therapy is the treatment of choice in all severe skeletal Class III malocclusion. In this case report I present a combination of surgical-orthodontic therapy for an adult female patient with skeletal class III malocclusion which resulted in good skeletal, dental and soft tissue relationship, with marked improvement in function and facial esthetics. Keywords: Class III malocclusion, Orthognathic Surgery, surgical orthodontics Introduction Class III malocclusion is considered to be one of the most difficult and complex orthodontic problems to treat. The prevalence of class III malocclusion has been reported to be as low as 3-5% in the Caucasian population, but is higher in the Chinese and Japanese population (4-13%) (Often associated with maxillary retrusion) [i] , [ii] , [iii] . The etiology of class III is complex and multifactorial. However, there is usually a strong genetic contribution. Genetic factor is one of the etiological factors where one third of children with severe Class III had a parent with the same problem and one-sixth had an affected sibling [iv] . Racial tendency may play a role as the blacks have shown higher incidence than white’s [v] .Environmental factors appear to play an adaptiverole in the etiology of Class III malocclusion [vi] .Class III malocclusion can be associated with other factors such as cleft palate [vii] . Individuals with class III malocclusion show combinations of skeletal and dentoalveolar components. Class III malocclusion may occur as a result of protrusive mandible, retrusive maxi lla, combination of both [viii] . While the most commonly found Class III malocclusion (30%) showed a combination of mandibular protrusion and maxillary retrusion, Maxillary retrusion alone was found in 19.5% of the sample and Mandibular protrusion alone was found in 19.1% of the sample [ix] .These complex nature of class III requirea careful planning, amultidisciplinary approach and patient cooperation [x] . Case Report A 17-year-old caucasian girl presented for orthodontic treatment because of referral from her dentist with primary complaint of un-esthetic facial and dental appearance. She has a hyper-divergent Class III skeletal and dental relationship. This is characterized by retrognathic maxilla, retroclined lower anterior teeth, with maximum active opening of 47mm with 5mm negative overjet and lateral excursions of 7 mm to both right and left sides. The patient has an ovoid, relatively asymmetrical face with chin slightly deviated to the left. The lip line at rest displayed a pproximately 2 mm of upper incisor. At full animation there was 7mm of upper incisal display and 2 mm of lower incisal edge. She has a slightly concave profile, and competent lips[Figure1]. Pretreatment extra oral photos Intraorally, the oral mucosa was healthy. There were no periodontal pockets present. The gingival tissues were inflamed especially around the prosthetic crowns. There was no bleeding tendency except sometimes with brushing. Free gingival margins were near to the CEJ and attached gingiva was of normal width throughout the mouth. The frenal attachments in both arches were normal. The tongue was normal in size, function and appearance. Teeth # 26, 36 and 46 have been crowned. There was a lingual arch placed one year ago to maintain lower incisors position.

Health Care Reform and Effect on Prescription Drug Costs Research Paper

Health Care Reform and Effect on Prescription Drug Costs - Research Paper Example Introduction The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, or PPACA, and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, better known as Health Care reform law enacted on March 23, 2010 have been viewed with both appreciation and concerns by the major stakeholders of the health care system. Healthcare reform legislation’s general impact and consequences on the prices of prescription drugs are not quite easy to comprehend, by the fact that certain provisions will not take effect for several years, courts actions and rulings, conflicts and contentions at state level, or partisan stand in Congress and Senate could cause significant delays or major revisions to the legislation. Nonetheless, there is going to have significant impact on the healthcare economy and bottom line of manufacturers as there are many provisions in the health-care-reform law that are likely to have the direct or indirect consequence of increasing the volume of product sales that include prescript ion drugs. The supply chain of prescription drugs from manufacturers to consumers has a series of stakeholders, for example, wholesalers, pharmacies, and insurers. The impact of any legislation on prices is quite complex due to intricate mechanisms of fixing prices that involve many stakeholders in the value chain. The price paid by a pharmacy to buy a brand-name drug from the manufacturers is generally not the net cost of buying the drug from the manufacturer because manufacturers give discounts/rebates on brand name drugs to insurers. There are many different prices paid along the supply chain. It will be interesting to analyze the impact of new reform law on the prescription drugs. Healthcare System before the Enactment of Reform Law The current U.S. system of federal healthcare came into being in 1965 through Congress’s amendment of the Social Security Act and the establishment of Medicare and Medicaid. Medicare began as a national health insurance program for persons age 65 and over, regardless of income or wealth. In 1973, coverage was extended for those on disability for at least two consecutive years. Medicare provides enrollees with a basic program of hospital insurance and supplementary assistance program to aid in paying healthcare bills (Raffel and Raffel 1994). Through this, everyone who is old enough receives some healthcare.   Medicaid is also a national health insurance program, but it is administered by states and it can potentially assist a broader range of people than Medicare. It serves to provide services for the â€Å"categorically needy,† such as those who are blind, aged, or disabled, and for the â€Å"medically needy,† those who can afford to live, but cannot afford to pay for medical care (Raffel and Raffel 1994). People may enroll in these independent health insurance plans through their employer or on their own if they can pay for it.  It is meant for a person with high medical costs and is not old enough. H owever, financial burdens greatly limit the system’s accessibility. Census estimates from 1999 indicate that 43 million Americans live without health insurance even though 75 percent of them have a full-time job or live in a household with at least one member working full-time (Mueller 2001) for Medicare. The Americans

Restriction of alcohol Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Restriction of alcohol - Research Paper Example Heavy consumption of alcohol for the purpose of getting intoxicated is, in modern terms, called binge drinking which is actually the consumption of five or more drinks in a row in a week. There are many reasons behind why people want to binge drink. The most important is peer pressure. People, including students, see others around doing it and they want to do it too because they are curious and because the media, bars and companies make heavy drinking sound like a fun activity. Youngsters binge drink because they want to feel grown up; elders binge drink for several other reasons which include de-stressing oneself, removing boredom, socializing, trying to stand out in crowd (hedonistic or macho drinkers), or removing depression. Whatever the reason may be, heavy consumption of alcohol is hazardous in nature. Some disastrous effects include affected brain activity, memory and concentration; increased emotional mood swings; inability to perceive the direction of sound; dysfunctional re productive system; increased risk of breast cancer (Doheny); affected driving leading to accidents; and, family violence. I predicted that although people might binge drink to de-stress themselves, but there are so many adverse effects related to it that people will support my hypothesis that heavy alcohol consumption must be restricted by law, and for every age. Although there is much research done in the past regarding this issue, still there are research gaps that need to be filled in. Most of the researchers have focused on student binge drinking. Wechsler et al. conducted research on 17592 college students and found that students who binge drink suffer from serious health issues and behavioral problems that bother others at the institute. Researchers (Wechsler et al.; Chaloupka and Wechsler) support the fact that legal interventions are required to stop binge drinking in college students. Pridemore studied how binge drinking leads to

Personal Brand (i.e. a human being) Research Paper

Personal Brand (i.e. a human being) - Research Paper Example It is for this very reason; it is more difficult to manage personal brands as compared to products or services associated brands (Vitberg, 2010). Oprah Winfrey happens to be the single largest one-woman personal brand in the world (Haig, 2011). This is because the brand Oprah is associated with specific personality traits and the mass perception of the brand Oprah has been managed till date with apt astuteness, finesse and dexterity (Haig, 2011). As a result, Oprah commands a very high mass popularity and many of the leading brands in the world aspire to associate with brand Oprah to leverage their net brand appeal. Table of Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................................... 2 1.0 Introduction .................................................................................................... 4 2.0 SWOT Analysis of Brand Oprah ................................................................. 4 2.1 Strengths ......... ............................................................................................ 4 2.2 Weaknesses .................................................................................................. ... ........................................................................................................... 9 1.0 Introduction It is a matter of public knowledge that not only Oprah Winfrey happens to be the largest one-woman brand in the world, but also that the leading brands in the world aspire to associate with this top notch personal brand (Haig, 2011, p. 131). The appeal of brand Oprah is such that it has not only revolutionized and redefined the history of television, but has indeed been successful in configuring a successful commercial empire around the attributes and mass appeal of the name Oprah (Haig, 2011, p. 131). In that context, brand Oprah is associated with a Midas touch. The mere association of a product or service with the name Oprah is just enough to make it a public rage. For instance a slight association of the brand Oprah with Spanx not only helped this little known under-garments brand evolve into a lead seller, but also helped it accrue a net annual turnover of ?220 million (Stylist, 2013). The mere mention of the brand Kindle at the Oprah show was enough to make people run for buying a piece of this gadget (Stylist, 2013). The book recommendations made by Oprah Book Club are a guarantee to make a publication an international best seller in a matter of days (Stylist, 2013). Thereby, it goes without saying that commercially speaking, brand Oprah commands an immense brand value and appeal (Haig, 2011, p. 132). However, the thing that needs to be understood is that brand Oprah commands such a successful consumer appeal owing to certain specific brand strategies, which not only make the brand Oprah soar over the social limitations ascribed to race, ethnicity and social status, but make it a name closely associated with reliability,

Analysis of Cash Flow for a Small Business Assignment

Analysis of Cash Flow for a Small Business - Assignment Example Wallick (2009) on the other had states that in bigger businesses, there is a clear difference between EBIT and cash flow. The standard formula for EBIT that is applicable here is EBIT = Revenue – Operating Expenses (Investopedia). In the case of Charles, the various expenses, depreciation, and income had been given for the two years he was in business. Secondly Charles’ concern is his not generating enough income after investing two years in the business and he is contemplating to take a job that would pay him $40,000. Since he was in business for only two years and the second year was better than the first, the first area to look at will be the yearly percentage increase on Charles’ income and the following calculation will show that. The above calculation shows he had attained an increase of 160% commission growth in one year, because his client list has been growing. When that is the case, the likelihood is he will be getting more clients for the following year or at least he can retain a good portion of the existing client base, as long as he is in business. This will create three possible future scenarios where he might lose more or less than 10% of his commission if things start to go bad; he could earn the same amount of commission if the client list does not grow, or he could repeat the previous feat of 160% growth rate or even better. If he accepts the offer at the investment company that pays him $40000 before tax and other deductions, by simply deducting the applicable expenses assuming that they will remain the same, at least for the first year considering that there is only one more year to go for the deprecation, the outcome will be the following. The $18500 is better than the $16000 he will get if his commission income had decreased by only 10% and as the percentage of loss increases, it will end up making the $40000 a better offer. However, if his commission remained the

Detecting the Cylindrospermopsin using HPLC-PDA and NMR Assignment

Detecting the Cylindrospermopsin using HPLC-PDA and NMR - Assignment Example Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) on the other hand is an analytical technique that uses magnetic nuclei which absorb and re-emit electromagnetic radiations at a specific resonance frequency. This frequency is however dependent on the strength of the magnetic field. The resonance obtained in a magnetic field for any particular compound analyzed is always directly proportional to the strength of the magnetic field. Detection and analysis of cylindrospermopsin using HPLCCylindrospermopsins have few methods of detection compared to the well-known microcystins and saxitoxins. High-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (HPLC-PDA) has been shown to be a good method for the detection of cylindrospermopsins and its analogs because of their characteristic UV spectra (ÃŽ »max at 262 nm). The only limitation of this method is that sample purification is necessary because it is normally co-eluted with other contaminants (Welker et al. 2002). Purification of cylindrospermopsin is norm ally performed using HP-20 resin, which removes most of the ionic components from the fraction.Before the detection of cylindrospermopsins by HPLC, they have to be extracted. Water samples containing the cyanobacterial cells are filtered by glass fiber filters.Extraction procedure The air-dried frozen filter samples should be placed on the borosilicate glass tubes and freeze-thawed twice to obtain maximum recover after which 1.2ml of methanol is added and mixed in the bath ultrasonicator for 15 minutes. The samples should further be ultrasonicated individually for 1 minute and the aliquots of the extracts centrifuged at 10,000 ? g for 10 min after which 500 Â µl of the supernatants are transferred to borosilicate vials and evaporated to dryness at 40Â °C under argon. The dried extracts can then be reconstituted in 100 Â µl of 75% methanol and centrifuged in vials at 10,000 ? g for 10 min or filtered through the HPLC grade filter. Before running the HPLC, the HPLC system should be set up as described in the manufacturer’s instructions including degassing, priming and changing columns. The column oven should be set at 40?C and the HPLC changed gradually to starting conditions. The chromatogram samples and standards should be set as per the recommended HPLC gradients using 10

How intercountry differences affect Human Resource Management Research Paper

How intercountry differences affect Human Resource Management - Research Paper Example Thus, for them the human resource should be given higher priority in order for the entire business operation to succeed. In the case of handling global human resources for those international companies, challenges are always at hand. This is due to the fact that each country has different business environment which includes differences in cultural, political, social, economic, technological aspects and more (Rao par. 2-9). In the following section, the proponent tries to include intercountry differences for working hours, holidays, recruiting, selection, appraising, training, minimum wage and compensation. These differences point out how they affect Human Resource Management in detail. Working hours The other part of the globe right at this moment is plunging into deep sleep while the other side is widely awake and is responding in unison to the busy schedule of the day. In the case of global companies such as call centers, they have companies instituted right at the Pacific Rim or a t the other side of the world. Working hours therefore should differ between countries especially those with 12-hours differences. This means that employees in Asia working in a call center should be awake all night long when it is daytime in the US, Europe or in other parts of the world. This created an impact among global companies in their HR management and one of the best options that they should do is to motivate or encourage employees to work for them considering the nature and required working hours of the offered jobs. Holidays Mostly, international companies adhere to the required holiday in a country and this means they have to inform their international counterparts so as to ensure continuity of their business operation without creating any unnecessary interruptions. For this reason, an international organization is influenced by the prevailing political and cultural system in a certain country. Recruiting Recruiting activity may also differ from each country considering the nature of prevailing political, cultural and social background and orientation of an individual. An international company should therefore consider following the policies and procedures implemented in a certain country regarding with the right recruiting activity. Part of this is to remarkably explain to job applicants the nature of the jobs they are applying for and the specific tasks expected of them to perform. Selection In the selection process, an international company needs to be transparent about the required qualification of an employee they are looking for in a certain job so as to eliminate discrimination in the process. Discrimination has to be essentially eliminated especially in countries that are giving too much value on their cultural orientation. This means that an international company needs to be sensitive in dealing with cultural background of an employee especially in the selection process. Appraising The American standard may differ from that of those countr ies in Asia and in other countries. This means that an international company coming from the United States may have significant influence from its country and will tend to impose it to its counterparts in other countries. However, appraising should be clearly explained to each employee so as to prevent potential thought about biases and partiality. This is to ensure that each employee should be able to agree with their level of

Brave New World And White Noise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Brave New World And White Noise - Essay Example The authors show how technology has formulated men’s lives and ways of living and how this has influenced their emotions and finally the outcome of their relationships. Whereas Brave New World is a landmark fictional work of the modern literature. DeLillo has been awarded multiple accolades for his ‘breakout’ work White Noise including the National Book Award in 1985. In contrast, Brave New World was published in 1932 where Huxley seems to prophesize and communicate the major struggles which dominated modern life along with the arms race that so powerfully underlines the role of modern technology in today’s world. Brave New World is a fictional novel belonging to the utopian literature genre, where the society essentially portrayed is called dystopia (the opposite of utopia) where things go badly awry. It is a parody of Well’s idealistic work Men Like Gods. As the name suggests, the setting is an imaginary society that is organized or synchronized to create an ideal conditions for human beings by scientifically orchestrating the near robot like individuals who are devoid of pain, hatred, neglect, and every other evils in the world. It is a bitterly satiric novel that was written to portray the horrors that engulf a planned totalitarian society, where the individual loses the all subtle human emotions including the sense of love in the above process. On the other hand, White Noise is set in the 1980’s with a small American town as the main backdrop. This is not a fictional state of a speculation but records the real society in the time where the individuals try to decipher the meaning of truth, that is, death in this case. The backdrop is also the age of the 80’s, which as per DeLillo’s interpretation is an age obsessed by media and where the key drivers of the society are rampant material consumption and putting up a facade to get a position of distinction in the society. In fact mass communication tools co uld be most indispensable to democracy and most abusive in the hands of a dictator. In his novel, Huxley portrays individual images of the character but they tend to take a back seat to the overall horror of a fictitious totalitarian society where the interest of the state takes precedence over the likes, opinions and thoughts of the individual characters. In such a society all the components of a press is usually controlled by the Elite and serve a purpose which is bigger and irrelevant to a common individual. In novel, the author caustically portraits the stability in the society where the individuals are programmed to be devoid of subtle human emotions that essentially gives rise to a sense of pain. The usage of ‘genetic engineering’ and ‘conditioning’ are shown as a technique to illustrate everybody is satisfied with their living. Here science is used for furthering technology, the State talks about scientific progress, what it essentially means is furt hering of technology, not in increase in horizon of scientific understanding through exploration and experimentation. In contrast in White Noise, the technology proves to be universal in its occurrence where it is both threatening and uplifting at the same time. All through the novel, technology becomes inextricably a part of the quality of regular life as are the human characters themselves. DeLillo’s narrative seamlessly weaves between the sounds of mechanical and human sounds that

Psychological and Ethical Egoism Essay Example for Free

Psychological and Ethical Egoism Essay Egoism is a general term for the acknowledgement of human self-interest as a basis of action. There are several proponents of this theory. Basically it is a philosophical notion that was popularized by Hobbes. Whatever action that an individual would take is pursuant of his/her own self. This theory has famously been separated into two types. The first one is ethical egoism and the second is called psychological egoism. Ethical egoism talks about morality as the basis of action in order to uplift the person himself, while psychological egoism states that all of our actions are basically rooted on self-interest. Accordingly, psychological egoism is devised out of observation of common human behavior. A clear demarcation between the two lies on its structure, Ethical egoism is more prescriptive. On the other hand, Psychological egoism is descriptive or observational (Rachels, 2003). The Fallacy in Psychological Egoism Although Psychological egoism seems to be perfectly valid, it was widely refuted with respect to the fallacies that it had committed. One of the fallacies that can be found in the principles of psychological egoism, upon critical examination, would be the fallacy of â€Å"hasty generalization or converse accident†. According to some critics, the fallacy was rooted on confirming that indeed all human acts are self-interested due to the different instances that prove otherwise. This includes the fact that most people do actions that would damage or harm themselves such as smoking, self-mutilation and sometimes suicide. Also there are several altruistic behaviors that do not really come from self-interest. There are other things or notions such as conscience which also have an effect on ones action. If those who supports psychological egoism would argue that all actions whether it be an act of conscience or an act that hurts oneself is also form of psychological egoism in itself, then there are no actions whatsoever that is not a form of psychological egoism (Rachels, 2003). Thus, it will result to a fallacy of tautology. It cannot be verified or established if an action is indeed a form of psychological egoism because there are no other actions aside from a psychologically egoistic act. Two Sides of Ethical Egoism The weak version of ethical egoism takes on the side of the probability of altruistic behavior. However, they have specified that although they acknowledge that the person does benevolent actions, nevertheless, they maintain that the action is still in accordance to or made with respect to the individuals own interest. One would like to do good because doing good makes him/her feels good. The strong version denies the presence of altruistic behavior. It asserts that in any circumstances, the individual would act in accordance to his/her self-interest despite the fact that it is in the form of benevolence. (Lander University, 2006) Major Similarities and Their Differnces Thus, as presented above, ethical egoism differs from psychological egoism in the sense that ethical egoist incorporates morality as a basis for human actions. It expresses the human self-interest in the sense of the goodness or the rightness of the act. Psychological egoism, do not try to tell us what we should do, but instead states that whatever actions that we have is basically an expression of our self-interest, the individual does not need to be moral or does not have to subscribe to morality (Rachels, 2003). Motivations In ethical egoism, the motivation lies on the persons desires to do or aspire for something good or right. This is applicable when one is acting in able to help other people because it is in his nature to do so, as explained by David Hume. On the other hand, in psychological egoism, the motivation rest on the persons or individuals preference for self-interest. Psychologically egoistic behavior can best be interpreted when the individual is doing something in exchange of something that would benefit or would be in reference to his/her personal interest. Largely, those actions that are psychologically egoistic are selfish acts while those that fall under the ethical egoist are actions from self-interest. (Mosley, 2006) Selfishness versus Self-interest Selfishness is manifested through personal advantages, mostly sacrificing others in favor of ones own self. Self-interest is promoting ones interest either for the benefit of himself or of other people as well. Self-interest differs from selfishness in the sense that self-interest does not necessarily points toward selfishness because certain actions that would benefit one or would comprise self-interest may actually be altruistic actions. There are instances wherein you have to be helpful to other people in order for you to proceed towards your egoistic goals. Also there are some actions whether it is for oneself or for the sake of others that are not relevant basis in suggesting that it is selfish act or a self-interested act. For instance there were actions such as eating or drinking that can be classified as either a form of selfishness or a form of self-interest. As presented, the major key in understanding the points and relevance of each position lies on the individuals understanding of the term selfishness and acting for or out of self-interest. (Mosley, 2003) Reference http://philosophy.lander.edu/ethics/egoism.html

Effect of Child Rearing Styles on Pro-Social Development

Effect of Child Rearing Styles on Pro-Social Development PROSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 1 COMPARISON OF CHILD-REARING STYLES AND THE EFFECTS THEREOF ON PROSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT There are many factors that play a role in the development of prosocial behaviour in children. The two participants that I used are both mothers of 3 year old children. One of them is a stay at home mom with one child (a girl), and the other is a single mom, working full time, with two children (both boys), one of whom is autistic (the oldest child). An Authoritative parenting style is generally considered the most successful parenting style, and is associated with the development of prosocial behaviours. Research participant 1 scored higher than Research participant 2 on the Authoritative and Authoritarian scale, however, the child of Research Participant 2 scored higher on the prosocial scale. This difference could be due to several other factors, besides the parenting styles, including family situation and context. The child of Research participant 2 is the youngest of two boys, the older of which has severe autism. Due to the fact that his brother is ill, this little boy has learnt from an early age to care for others. He is very caring of his older brother, and helps his mother with him a lot. This has taught him to be caring towards others, and to consider their needs, as well as his own. This has flowed over into his interactions with other children and people he meets / socialises with. Parenting styles play in important role in the development of prosocial behaviour in children, and even though the child of Research participant 1 scored lower than the child of Research participant 2 on the prosocial scale, she is still a caring and loving little girl, who displays prosocial behaviour. There are however, many other factors that influence these behaviours in children. PART B INTRODUCTION Because of the importance of the consequences of aggression, criminality and immorality for society, not much importance was placed on prosocial development prior to 1970. Eisenberg and Fabes (1998) define prosocial behaviour as â€Å"voluntary behaviour intended to benefit another†. Prosocial acts include sharing, helping others and comforting others. There are many reasons why people act prosocially, but the subgroup of prosocial behaviours labelled as altruism is considered to be very important. Eisenberg Mussen (1989) define altruism as being â€Å"intrinsically motivated, voluntary behaviour intended to benefit another; acts motivated by internal motives such as concern for others, or by internalised values, goals and self-reward or the avoidance of punishment†. However, because it is difficult to determine whether altruism or a less noble motivation drives the behaviour, a broader focus needs to be taken. CULTURAL FACTORS It is evident from various research that environment plays a big role in the development of prosocial behaviour, and research on the cultural bases of prosocial responding provides insight into the role of the environment in the development of prosocial behaviour (Eisenberg Fabes, 1998). Anthropological literature and Psychological studies in non-Western cultures clearly indicate that societies vary greatly in the degree to which prosocial and cooperative behaviours are normative (Mead, 1935). These studies show that some cultures value prosocial behaviours while there are some cultures in which prosocial behaviour is rare and hostility and cruelty is the norm. It is difficult to make cross-cultural comparisons as there seems to be differences across cultures with respect to the degree to which children display prosocial behaviour. THE FAMILY Another influence in the development of prosocial behaviour in children is their parents. Children model their parents behaviour, so if the parents tend to display prosocial behaviour, the children will develop prosocial behaviour. Parental practices, beliefs, characteristics and emotional atmosphere at home plays a role in the development of prosocial behaviour. Staub (1992) found that prosocial behavioural development is enhanced by a connection to others, exposure to parental warmth, adult guidance and children’s participation in prosocial activites. In their study on the relationship between parenting styles, parental practices, sympathy on prosocial behaviours in adolescents, Gustavo et al. (2007) found strong evidence that parenting practices were closely related to prosocial behaviour. They did find however, that the associations occurred mostly through the indirect relations with sympathy. Dunsmore et al. (2009) conducted a study to determine whether a mothers expressive style and specific emotional responses to their children’s behaviour is linked to their children’s prosocial ratings. The results of their study show that the mothers positive and negative expressiveness is related to the child’s lower prosocial self-rating, and the mothers happiness about the child’s prosocial behaviour is associated with the child’s higher self-ratings for prosocial self-rating. CHILD’S INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS Eisenberg and Fabes (1998) believe that social cognition and prosocial behaviour should at least be modestly correlated, and this has been shown to be true in studies, as prosocial children are more sociable, well regulated, low impulsivity and are not shy or anxious. â€Å"Prosocial children are also able to communicate and resolve their own needs, feel guilt and remorse about wrongdoing, exercise self-control when tempted to do wrong, and feel compassion for others (Hoffman, 1970; Mischel, Shoda, and Rodriguez, 1989). Eisenberg and Fabes (1998) also believe that emotion plays a vital role in the development of prosocial values, motives and behaviours, with empathy-related emotions playing a larger role. There are various definitions of empathy, but Eisenberg and Fabes (1998) define empathy as an â€Å"affective response that stems from the apprehension / comprehension of another’s emotional state / condition, and that it is identical / very similar to what the other person is feeling / would be expected to feel†. Many theorists argue that some or all humans are born with an innate ability to feel / exhibit altruistic behaviour, thereby being biologically predisposed to experience empathy and develop prosocial behaviour, including smaller children. Many twin studies have been done to determine whether prosocial tendencies are inherited. Matthews et al. (1986) and Rushton et al. (1986) believed that if the correlation is higher for identical twins than for fraternal twins, then the difference can be attributed to heritability / genetics. Their study involved self-reported data from adults, and they found that 50% of the variance in the twin’s empathy, altruism and nurturance was accounted for by genetic factors. The other 50% difference was accounted for by differences in the twin’s environment. There are also studies that have been done on the neurophysiological underpinnings of prosocial behaviour. Panskepp (1986) believes that the nurturant dictates of brain systems that mediate social bonding and maternal care is what leads to mammalian helping behaviour. Maclean (1985) believes that the limbic system is responsible for maternal behaviour, affiliation and play, which in turn forms the basis for altruism. During the second year the prefrontal functions increase, which enables the child to identify which feelings are his / hers or which feelings belong to someone else. Researchers propose that (based on Keller’s 2007 model of culturally informed development pathways), depending on the socio-cultural context, toddlers may follow different pathways to the same development outcome, for example, prosocial development. In their study using longitudinal genetic analysis, Knafo Plomin (2006) found that genetics account for change and continuity in prosocial behaviour. Clark Ladd (2000) found that prosocial children are relatively well-adjusted and have better peer relationships than children low in prosocial behaviour. CONCLUSION Prosocial development in children is a complex multidimensional issue. Many factors play a role in the development of prosocial behaviours, and emphasis should not be placed on a single factor to the exclusion of others. Culture, family and genetics are but some of the factors or environments that influence the development of empathy, which in turn aids in the development of prosocial behaviour. All these factors should be considered together when determining what plays a role in prosocial development.

Liquid Phase Surface Nitriding of Al-5052

Liquid Phase Surface Nitriding of Al-5052 Abstract: Liquid phase surface nitriding of Al-5052 was performed using the heat of a TIG (tungsten inert gas) torch in a gas shielding which was a mixture of argon and nitrogen. The feasibility of obtaining nitride compounds at various TIG processing parameters and nitrogen contents in the shielding gas were studied. The presence of AlN phase being formed during surface nitriding was proved by X-ray diffraction analysis. Scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyzer was carried out to study the morphology and chemical composition of the nitride phase. The microhardness test was also performed on cross sections of treated layers. This measurement demonstrated that the surface hardness increased from 52 HV for the untreated aluminum alloy to as high as 1411 HV for the nitrided sample due to the formation of AlN phase in the treated layer. It was also found that, variation of nitrogen contents in the shielding gas has little effect on th e formation of AlN phase and its properties. It was also noticed that liquid phase surface nitriding reduced the wear rate to less than quarter of that of the untreated substrate. Introduction Liquid phase surface engineering including surface melting, alloying, and formation of composite layers on aluminum alloys have been studied and applied for more than three decades. High-energy sources such as laser and electron beam, as well as other heat sources like tungsten inert gas (TIG) process have been used for these treatments [1–3]. In order to improve the wear resistance, formation of hard nitride layers via liquid phase surface engineering on nitride former alloys like titanium and iron in atmospheres containing nitrogen have also been studied by a number of researchers [4–11]. Aluminum alloys like titanium are strong nitride former. Attempts have been made to form nitride compounds on aluminum and its alloys to enhance their wear resistant [12–16]. The majority of researchers have used plasma nitriding technique. The main disadvantage of plasma nitriding is formation of rather thin AlN layers, which are not suitable, and useful while high load bearing ability is required [12,13,17–19]. Some researchers have tried to form aluminum nitride via liquid phase surface engineering of aluminum using laser beam [14,20–24]. Sicard et al. [22] obtained thin nitride layers on aluminum based substrate by liquid phase laser nitriding. Carpene et al. [23] studied laser nitriding of pure iron and aluminum in nitrogen atmosphere using a pulsed nanosecond Excimer laser. Their study revealed that approximately all the phases predicted by the Fe-N phase diagram was observed in the case of liquid phase iron nitriding, while in aluminum, only AlN was formed . There are only a couple of works on liquid phase surface nitriding of aluminum using electric arc in atmospheres of argon and nitrogen [15,16]. Hioki et al. [15] introduced an aluminum nitriding method by heating aluminum in a mixture gas of argon and nitrogen using the heat of a TIG torch. By this treatment, a dense layer of aluminum nitride was formed on the surface of aluminum so that it improved the wear resistance of aluminum. Zheng et al. [16] reported an improvement in the microhardness and wear resistance of 1050 aluminum by nitrogen arc discharge at atmospheric pressure. The nitride formation mechanism via liquid phase surface treatment has not been completely realized. According to some researches [16,20,21], the plasma formation by the electric arc or laser irradiation on the substrate surface under nitrogen atmosphere allows ionization of nitrogen and penetration to some depth and then according to Al+N → AlN reaction, nitride layers grow in the melt pool. It has been reported that if the proportion of nitrogen gas exceeds 50% by weight, the paucity of argon gas might result in unfavorable effects on generation and stability of the electric arc [15]. Therefore, it is preferred that the shielding gas to be diluted by argon gas. In this study, TIG surface nitriding of Al-5052 in ambient nitrogen atmosphere will be carried out to investigate the effects of various TIG processing parameters such as current and travel speed as well as nitrogen contents on the formation of AlN on Al-5052 alloy. Subsequently, the hardness and wear resistance of the treated surfaces were studied. Experimental AA5052 aluminum plates with dimensions of 100 mm Ãâ€" 80 mm Ãâ€" 10 mm were used as the substrate. Prior to surface nitriding, their surfaces were sandpapered with 120 paper grit SiC and then cleaned with acetone. TIG surface treatment was carried out using a MERKLE TIG 200 AC/DC unit in alternative-current (AC) mode as a heat-generator. A coaxial argon gas flow was adjusted at a fixed amount of 9 l/min and high purity nitrogen gas (at flow rates of 3, 4, and 5 l/min) was blown into the molten pool to provide shielding. Tungsten electrodes with diameter of 2.4 mm and a constant distance of 2 mm from the specimens’ surfaces were used for all experiments. Surface melting trials were conducted to optimize the TIG processing parameters (Table 1). The effects of volume percentage of added nitrogen to the shielding gas and TIG processing parameters on the properties of the fabricated layers were studied. On the whole, liquid phase surface nitriding was performed under two different series of processing parameters. In the first series, surface nitriding was performed in a constant mixture of argon and nitrogen gas atmosphere at various TIG processing parameters and in the second series the mix tures of argon and nitrogen gas shielding were changed while other TIG operating parameters were kept constant (Table 2). The voltage of TIG process was kept at a constant value of 15 V, the current varied from 75 to 150 A, and the travel speed differed from 50 to 200 mm/min. The heat input for each test was calculated using Eq. 1 [25]. Heat input (kJ/cm) = (0.48 Ãâ€" voltage Ãâ€" current)/(Travel speed) (1) The nitrided layers were characterized and analyzed by optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscope (Model:Camscan MV2300) equipped with an EDS analyzer. The samples used for microanalysis were polished metallographically to get smooth surfaces and then were etched with Kellers reagent for 15–30 s. The nitrided layers were also analyzed using a Philips X’Pert Pro X-ray diffractometer equipped with a Ni filter, Cu KÃŽ ± source operating at 40 kV and 30 mA. The cross-sectional hardness of the surface treated layer was measured by a MicroMet microhardness testers-Vickers with an applied load of 100-200 g and holding time of 15 s. The given values of hardness were average values taking from three to five measurement points at the same depth. The wear rates of the samples at room temperature and humidity of 45% were also evaluated by measuring the weight loss, using a pin-on-disc wear test machine. The cylindrical pins with a diameter of 4.9 mm were wire-cut from the untreated AA5052, surface melted and surface nitrided samples for the wear tests. A quench-tempered steel (AISI 52100) disc with a diameter of 37 mm and hardness of 59 HRC was chosen as the counter face. The testing parameters were 20N load, 0.3 mm/s sliding speed, and 250, 500, 750 and 1000 m sliding distance on a radius of 12.5 mm from the center of the disc. 3. Results and Discussions 3.1 Surface melting Fig. 1 shows a typical cross sectional view of a crack and porosity-free surface melted specimen achieved at a heat input of 2.16 kJ/cm (current of 100 A and travel speed of 200 mm/min). This figure also shows that the optical macrostructure of the cross section of the surface melted specimen is composed of three distinctive structures: Area 1 is the unchanged structure of the base metal. Area 2 with columnar structure, which is formed due to the high heat transfer rates because of rapid solidification and high thermal gradient between the melted zone and the base metal. Area 3 with equiaxed structure, which is emerged due to heat transfer rates during the melting process. 3.2 Surface nitriding: Effects of various TIG processing parameters Liquid phase surface nitriding was carried out under various TIG processing parameters in a constant mixture of nitrogen–argon shielding gases. Surface nitriding caused the formation of gray colored tracks, with 0.6–1.6 mm thickness and 3–6 mm width, indicating composition changes and possibly formation of aluminum nitride in the treated layer. A couple of other works have also reported similar observations [16,21]. Fig. 2a and b shows the effect of heat input on the depth and width of the treated zone. The depth and width of treated zone proportionally increased with increasing heat input. In addition, the change in gradient due to increased heat input is the same in both graphs. Fig. 3a and b shows the surface treated zone achieved at the minimum (N-1) and maximum (N-4) heat input used in this work, when the mixture of nitrogen–argon shielding gas was remained constant. In the sample with maximum heat input, the treated layer is larger and contains crack s, which are due to the formation of hard aluminum nitride and high temperature gradient. The rough nature of the treated layer is due the metal evaporation as result of high heat input. EDS analysis from the marked areas (Fig. 3c and d) reveals aluminum and nitrogen percentages for N-1 and N-4 specimens. Nitrogen content in the sample with maximum heat input (27.22 at%) was much lower than the nitrogen content in the sample with minimal heat input (40.41 at%). Increasing heat input results in dissolved nitrogen in the larger melting pool of aluminum and there would be less excess nitrogen. 3.3 Surface nitriding: Effects of shielding gas Surface nitriding was also processed at various volume percentage of nitrogen in the shielding gas when the other TIG processing parameters were kept constant. Fig. 4 shows the low magnification cross sectional SEM micrograph of sample N-5 (see Table 2), near its surface. According to this figure, the nitrided layers are consisted of two morphologies, one is dendritic morphology, and other is lamellar morphology dispersed between the dendrites. Similar morphologies are reported by other researchers [16]. Fig. 5 shows the high magnification SEM micrograph of sample N-5 that reveals these two morphologies, separately. Detailed SEM-EDS spot analysis (Fig. 5c and d) suggests that in lamellar structure, the dark areas are aluminum nitride and the bright bands are aluminum. The EDS analysis results disclosed that the atomic percentage of nitrogen and aluminum are almost 1:1 at the dark areas. X-ray diffraction patterns of the nitrided zone also confirmed peaks corresponding to hexagonal Al N phase (Fig. 6). Other researchers also reported formation of hexagonal AlN phase [12,16]. AlN phase was seen at 2ÃŽ ¸ = 33.216, 36.041, 37.917, 49.816, 59.350, 66.054, 69.731, 71.440, 72.629, 81.090 and 94.844 (PDF no. 25-1133). There are other peaks in the XRD patterns at 2ÃŽ ¸ = 38.473, 44.740, 65.135, 78.230, 82.438, and 99.081, that correspond to face centered cubic aluminum structure. Fig. 7 shows the high magnification cross sectional SEM micrographs of samples that were surface nitrided under various volume percentages of nitrogen in shielding gas. The morphologies of the samples treated with different nitrogen flow rates (3, 4 and 5 l/min) were similar to each other and by changing the nitrogen flow rate, the atomic percentage of nitrogen in the dark bands did not changed, significantly (Table 3). However, it seems that the thickness of the dark bands increased with increasing the volume percentages of nitrogen gas shielding. Meanwhile, bright areas increased that indicate d aluminum content changed by reducing the amount of nitrogen in the gas mixture. 3.4 Microhardness Table 4 compares the average microhardness of a number of surface melted samples with that of the base metal. In surface melted samples, the hardness of the surface melted layer reduces by increasing of the heat input applied. Nevertheless, minimum hardness of the surface melted samples (81 HV) was much higher than that of the base aluminum substrate (52 HV). Table 5 shows the average microhardness of a number of surface nitrided samples being compared with that of the base metal. The increase in hardness was due to the formation of AlN phase in the nitrided zone. In surface nitrided samples by decreasing the heat input, the size of the treated layer decreased and hence, the solidification rate increased, resulting in a finer grained structure. In addition, by reducing the heat input, nitriding pool shrinks and nitrogen content rises from about 27 to 40 %at and therefore the relative amount of nitride compounds is increased in the layer. The hardness of the nitrided sample achieved a t higher heat input (HV 1109) is lower than that of the sample nitride at lower heat input (1411HV), which is close to the hardness value reported by others [13,16]. Furthermore, various volume percentages of nitrogen in the gas shielding had an insignificant effect on the average hardness of the nitrided zone. Fig. 8 illustrates the microhardness profiles along the depth of the layer achieved for surface melted (M-1) and nitrided (N-5) samples. These profiles indicate that the microhardness of the surface nitrided sample is much higher than that of the surface melted sample. The hardness for the surface melted (M-1) sample reached 148 HV and for the surface nitrided (N-5) sample increased by up to 1411 HV. Besides, the hardness of the nitrided layer along treated zone does not vary significantly and abruptly reduce to the hardness of the base material that can be an indication of in depth diffusion of nitrogen in the surface treated zone. 3.5. Wear resistance The weight losses of the worn untreated substrate, surface melted and surface nitrided samples against sliding distance are shown in Fig. 9. As it is shown, the weight loss after 1000 m sliding reduced from 4.2 mg to 2.9 and 1.2 mg, respectively, for the untreated aluminum, surface melted (M-1) sample (with highest hardness among surface melted samples) and surface nitrided (N-5) sample (with highest hardness among surface nitrided samples). According to these results, the wear rates of the surface melted and nitrided aluminum are about 69% and 28% of that of the untreated aluminum. Besides friction coefficients varied from 0.81 to 0.71 and 0.54 for untreated substrate, surface melted and surface nitrided samples respectively. It is obvious that grain refinement and presence of hard aluminum nitride phases have a positive effect on the wear resistance of the melted and nitrided samples. Similar improvement in wear resistance by formation of nitride layer has also been reported in oth er studies [11,13,14,16]. Fig. 10 shows the scanning electron micrographs of the worn surfaces of the untreated, surface melted and surface nitrided samples after 1000 m sliding distances. Plastic deformation including deep grooves on the worn surface of the untreated sample are signs of abrasive wear mechanism. After surface melting processing, the surface hardness increased and the intensity of the grooves reduced. Fig. 10c shows the worn surface of the surface nitrided sample, which has the lowest wear rate among the samples. Worn surface of the nitrided sample are smoother than those of the other samples that is due to presence of AlN phases in the nitrided layers and its higher hardness. Conclusions Liquid phase surface nitriding of Al-5052 by TIG process in ambient nitrogen atmosphere resulted in the formation of nitrided layers containing hexagonal AlN hard phase with two morphologies of dendritic and lamellar. Increasing the heat input resulted in reduced nitrogen content in the nitrided layer and thus AlN content reduced in the layer. The hardness of the surface nitrided layer reached to 1411 HV as compared to 52 HV for untreated aluminum alloy. Meanwhile, various volume percentages of nitrogen in the gas shielding had no significant effect on the morphology and the average hardness of the nitrided layers. Liquid phase surface nitriding resulted in the formation of AlN phase and hence increased the hardness of the treated layer that in turn reduced the wear rate to less than quarter of that of the untreated aluminum.

Consciousness and fundamental act :: essays research papers

1. Consciousness is the fundamental fact of human existence, from the view point of persons examining their own experience. There are various aspects of consciouness, such as perception, mental imagery, thinking, memory and emotions. I believe that consiouness is a property of some lower animals and machines. An ant for an example has a conscious mind about staying in covered areas during the rain and to panic when something attacks it. This shows memory, perception and thinking which shows that it does have a conscious. Some machines have something similar to a conscious. A computer for example has a hard drive which is a lot like a â€Å"memory†, in which it stores something, and it has ram, which is basically information stored and ready to be used. If I were to open a web page browser and than open up a word document, I could instantly jump back to the browser because its stored on my hard drive, but loaded on my ram, which is a lot like how if we think about an old memor y, such as grade school, and than wash our hands, the memory of grade school is still fresh in our mind, and we can go back and instantly load it up with less difficulty than the first time. 2. The mind-body problem asks what is the relationship between the mind(conscious) and the body( brain). The two major positions are dualism and materialism. -Dualism holds that mind and body are made of different substances: the body is material but the mind is some immaterial soul stuff, and the mind interacts with the body to control human behavior. Out of body and near death experiences have also been offered in support of dualism, but alternative, naturalistic explanations of these experiences are available. -Materialism is the view that mind and body are inseparable: mental events are produced by brain events. There are 4 types: -Epiphhenomenalism is the view that conscious is a side effect of brain activity but it has no role in controlling behavior. -Identity theory says that mental events are identical brain event. For each mental event, there is a corresponding brain event. - Emergent interactionism- is the hypothesis that consciousness is an emergent phenomenon: it is produced by brain processes, but it has holistic properties of its own and it exerts downward control on brain processes. -Functionalism is the view that the functional characteristics of mental processes is their critical feature, and it doesn’t make any difference whether the physical substrate is a brain or a computer.

Free Essays - All Quiet on the Western Front :: All Quiet on the Western Front Essays

Paul Bäumer, the narrator and protagonist in All Quiet on the Western Front, is a character who develops extensively within the course of the novel. As a young man, he is persuaded to join the German Army during World War I. This three year ordeal is marked by Paul's short, but tragic trek into adulthood as he learns to cope with the trials and tribulations of war. In the wake of a struggle which claims millions, Paul loses his precious innocence as he is further isolated from society and engulfed by bloodshed. Paul's evolution throughout the novel is a result of his having to adapt in order to survive. Paul's experiences in combat shatter his former misconceptions of war; consequently, he gains the ability to reflect on events with his own accord. His naive ideas are severely challenged when he first witnesses the ugly truth of war. "The first bombardment showed us our mistake, and under it the world as they had taught it to us broke in pieces"(13). Paul's first engagement in combat reveals that everything he was taught as a young recruit are lies; consequently, he can now form his own conclusions. Through the ongoing course of the war, Paul comes to grips with the reality of the situation. "They are strong and our desire is strong-but they are unattainable, and we know it"(121). Paul realizes that the soldiers former lives are all but distant memories. His maturing personality gives him the insight to see past the facade of war and expose it for what it truly is. Paul loses his innocence and childhood during the war; as a result, he becomes a man. When Paul and his companions encounter some French women, they exchange food for sexual intercourse. "We unwrap our parcels and hand them over to the women. Their eyes shine, it is obvious they are hungry"(148). Through this transaction, Paul uses the women as an outlet for his sexual urges. Shortly after this rendezvous, Paul receives a leave of absence; however, he finds it difficult to leave the war behind. "Speak to me - take me up - take me, Life of my Youth - you who are care-free, beautiful - receive me again - "(172). Paul can no longer conjure up the feelings of happiness which accompanied his youth, in essence his childhood is lost. The war has stripped Paul of his innocence and taken away everything that he treasured.

Compare the way Andrew Marvell and William King present relationships :: English Literature

Compare the way Andrew Marvell and William King present relationships between men and women in To His Coy Mistress and The Beggar Women. If we look at the 2 poems we can see some quite significant similarities between them about the relationships between men and women. We see in both poems the desire for sex from the two men, but both attempt to acquire it through different methods due to the difference in class between the women. First we must look at the difference in forms of the two poems. To His Coy Mistress is a dramatic monologue and so we can therefore see the narrator's attitude towards the lady he is trying to seduce. The Beggar Women is a ballad (so it is telling a story) this means that you can find a moral to the story; however, you are unable to see the attitude of the 'gentlemen' towards the women as easily. I both poems we see that neither of the men have much respect for the women. In The Beggar Women we see that the 'gentlemen' views the women very low which is perhaps given the historical context of the poem. In the poem he refers to her as "game", comparing her to the animals he was hunting, almost saying that she isn't considered important enough to be human. It then says, "her cheeks were fresh, and linen clean" which may suggest that the situation is not what it seems. In To His Coy Mistress we also see the narrator has little respect for the lady; however in this poem it seems quite unnecessary because she is a respectable lady. He mocks her for being a virgin - her "quaint honour" but in those times being virginal was the only way for a women to maintain a good reputation. In The Beggar Women the initial rhyming scheme is "rhyming couplets". The pattern deteriorates as the beggar woman begins to take control over the situation without the man realising. In To His Coy Mistress, if we look at the rhythm of the first 4 lines, it is in iambic quatrametre. This is a very powerful rhythm and may reflect just how hard the narrator is trying to seduce the women. In both poems there is also the obvious similarity of the men's one desire of sex and nothing else and how much they will do to achieve this. To His Coy Mistress shows the narrator taking a kind and adoring approach to getting the lady into bed with him in the first part of the poem (up to line 20). In this part he uses time as a positive

The Key Isues in the 1800 Presidential Election

1. What were the key issues in the 1800 presidential election? Why is it called the â€Å"Revolution of 1800? † Thomas Jefferson won the election of 1800 by a majority of 73 electoral votes to 65, and even though Adams got more popular votes, Jefferson got New York. But, even though Jefferson triumphed, in a technicality he and Aaron Burr tied for presidency. The vote, according to the Constitution, would now go to the Federalist-dominated House of Representatives.Hateful of Jefferson, many wanted to vote for Burr, and the vote was deadlocked for months until Alexander Hamilton and John Adams persuaded a few House members to change their votes, knowing that if the House voted for Burr, the public outcry would doom the Federalist Party. Finally, a few changed their minds, and Jefferson was elected to the presidency. The â€Å"Revolution of 1800† was that there was a peaceful transfer of power; Federalists stepped down from office after Jefferson won and did so peacefully , though not necessarily happily and the Republicans were more of the â€Å"people’s party† compared to the Federalists. . Discuss the factors that led to the Louisiana Purchase. In 1800, Napoleon secretly induced the king of Spain to cede the Louisiana territory to France. Then, in 1802, the Spaniards at New Orleans withdrew the right of deposit guaranteed by the Pinckney Treaty of 1795. Such deposit privileges were vital to the frontier farmers who floated their goods down the Mississippi River to its mouth to await oceangoing vessels. These farmers talked of marching to New Orleans to violently get back what they deserved, an action that would have plunged the U. S. into war with Spain and France.In 1803, Jefferson sent James Monroe to join regular minister Robert R. Livingston to buy New Orleans and as much land to the east of the river for a total of $10 million, tops. Instead, Napoleon offered to sell New Orleans and the land west of it, Louisiana, for a bargain of $15 million, thereby abandoning his dream of a French North American empire. The decision to sell Louisiana was also because Napoleon needed cash to renew his war with Britain. The Louisiana Purchase was finalized on April 30, 1803. The Senate quickly approved the purchase with Jefferson’s urging, and the Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the United States.This was the biggest bargain in history averaging 3 cents per acre. 6. Analyze the cause of the War of 1812. America’s reasons for entering the War of 1812 were, â€Å"Freedom of the seas†, the U. S. wanted the right to sail and trade without fear. Possibility of land, the U. S. might gain Canada or Florida. Indian issues, Americans were still upset about British guns being giving to Indians. 7. Discuss the importance of Marbury v. Madison. The Judiciary Act, passed by the Federalists in their last days of Congressional domination in 1801, packed newly created judgeships with Federalist-backing men, so as to prolong their legacy.Chief Justice John Marshall, a cousin of Jefferson, had served at Valley Forge during the war, and he had been impressed with the drawbacks of no central authority, and thus, he became a lifelong Federalist, committed to strengthening the power of the federal government. William Marbury had been one of the â€Å"midnight judges† appointed by John Adams in his last hours as president. He had been named justice of peace for D. C. , but when Secretary of State James Madison decided to shelve the position, Marbury sued for its delivery.Marshall dismissed the case, but he said that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional, thus suggesting that the Supreme Court could determine the constitutionality of laws, judicial review. 8. Based upon the War of 1812, assess the effectiveness of the American military system. Due to widespread disunity, the War of 1812 ranks as one of America’s worst fought wars. There was not a burning national anger, li ke there was after the Chesapeake outrage; the regular army was very bad and scattered and had old, senile generals, and the offensive strategy against Canada was especially poorly conceived.

Psychotherapy Main Concepts Essay

                       When we study human behavior, specifically focusing on the development of personality and crucial to how a person or individual conducts him/herself, psychology offers a variety of dimensions. The concept of personality is central to our attempt to understand ourselves and others and is part of the way in which we account for the differences that contribute to our individuality. Psychologists have been particularly concerned with shaping of the personality in relation to genetic and environmental influences. We have been fortunate that the study of human personality has been thriving and fruitful. We can choose from as many models we can to help us see ourselves better and maintain good relationships (Atkinson et al., 2000).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     For the thrust that this paper is taking, I wish to mention then my views individually, on Behavioral, Cognitive-Behavioral, Psychoanalytic, and the Existential, Humanistic perspectives. The Behavioral   model utilizes what is termed as the learning theory posited by Skinner and Watson and the rest of the Behaviorism school. It assumes that the principles in learning i.e., conditioning (Associative and Operant) are effective means to effect change in an individual. Generally, the thrust of this theoretical perspective is focused on the symptoms that a person is experiencing. Just as many of the errors of the patterns of behavior come from learning from the environment, it is also assumed that an individual will be able to unlearn some if not all these by using the techniques as applied based on the learning principles. To a certain extent I believe that this still works: reinforcements are effective to some extent and in some or many people hence I am incorporating this stance separate or distinct from the Cognitive-Behavioral approach.   In behavior therapy therefore, thoughts, feelings and all those â€Å"malfunctioning† and unwanted manifestations revealed in one’s activities can be unlearned and the work of a behavior therapist. The basic concepts include â€Å"extinguishing† – utilized when maladaptive patterns are then weakened and removed and in their place habits that are healthy are established (developed and strengthened) in a series or progressive approach called â€Å"successive approximations. When these (factors) are reinforced such as through rewards in intrinsic and extrinsic means, the potential of a more secure and steady change in behavior is developed and firmly established (Corey, 2004). – Cognitive-Behavioral therapy. In the cognitive approach alone, the therapist understands that a client or patient comes into the healing relationship and the former’s role is to change or modify the latter’s maladjusted or error-filled thinking patterns. These patterns may include wishful thinking, unrealistic expectations, constant reliving and living in the past or even beyond the present and into the future, and overgeneralizing. These habits lead to confusion, frustration and eventual constant disappointment. This therapeutic approach stresses or accentuates the rational or logical and positive worldview: a viewpoint that takes into consideration that we are problem-solvers, have options in life and not that we are always left with no choice as many people think. It also looks into the fact that because we do have options then there are many things that await someone who have had bad choices in the past, and therefore can look positively into the future. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy postulated primarily by Ellis and Beck â€Å"facilitates a collaborative relationship between the patient and therapist.† With the idea that the counselor and patient together cooperate to attain a trusting relationship and agree which problems or issues need to come first in the course of the therapy. For the Cognitive Behaviorist Therapist, the immediate and presenting problem that the client is suffering and complaining from takes precedence and must be addressed and focused in the treatment. There is instantaneous relief from the symptoms, and may be encouraged or spurred on to pursue in-depth treatment and reduction of the ailments where possible (Corey, 2004). – Psychoanalytic therapy. The Psychodynamic perspective is based on the work of Sigmund Freud. He created both a theory to explain personality and mental disorders, and the form of therapy known as psychoanalysis. The psychodynamic approach assumes that all behavior and mental processes reflect constant and often unconscious struggles within the person. These usually involved conflicts between our need to satisfy basic biological instincts, for example, for food, sex or aggression, and the restrictions imposed by society. Not all of those who take a psychodynamic approach accept all of Freud’s original ideas, but most would view abnormal or problematic behavior as the result of a failure to resolve conflicts adequately. Many of the disorders or mental illnesses recognized today without a doubt have their psychodynamic explanation aside from other viewpoints like that of the behaviourist, or the cognitivists. From simple childhood developmental diseases to Schizophrenia, there is a rationale that from Freud’s camp is able to explain (Kaplan et al, 1994). – The Existential approach, as put forward by Nietzsche, Kierkegaard, Sartre, Heidegger, Rollo May, and Frankl, believes that the individual’s potential may lie dormant but that it is there waiting to be ushered in time. It recognizes that man is able to achieve great heights and that these are just waiting to be tapped not only by him/herself but that also when helped by a practitioner who is persuaded of this notion. It examines such major issues as free will and the challenges of exercising this free will, the issue of mortality, loneliness and in general, the meaning of life. The Therapy is effective when the practitioner works with elderly care and death and dying issues. It focuses on the individual needs but takes into consideration the significant relationships and the meanings they bring into the person’s life. Transcending the issues and problems are primary intentions of the therapist at the same time being realistic that certain limitations do exist and may hinder the process of recovery (Corey, 2004). –Humanistic therapy. Allport, Bugental, Buhler, Maslow Rollo May, Murphy, Murray, Fritz Perls and Rogers are those that helped usher in the Humanistic theory and consequent therapy. It holds in view the individual as possessing the options or freedom to choose, creativity, and the capability to attain a state where he/she is more aware, freer, responsible and worthy of trust. Because the human mind has immense potential, the approach assesses as well that forces from the environment bear on with the individual and depending on the interplay that occurs within the individual person, the result will either be destructive or constructive to the person. In sum, humanism takes into the perspective that essentially humans are good and not evil, and that the therapy facilitates by harnessing on the human potential through the development of interpersonal skills. This results to an enhanced quality life and the individual becomes an asset rather than a liability to the society where he revolves in (Corey, 2004). Reference:   Atkinson, R.L., R.C. Atkinson, E.E Smith, D.J. Bem, and S. Nolen-Hoeksema. Introduction to Psychology. 13th Ed. New York: Harcourt College Publishers, 2000. Corey, Gerald, 2004. Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy. Thomson Learning, USA. Kaplan, HI, BJ Saddock and JA Grebb. 1994. Kaplan and Saddock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences clinical psychiatry. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.

Coke-India: Case Study Essay

Coca-Cola has considerably gained a large share of the market in the soft drinks industry. In the chase of expanding to foreign companies, it decided to explore India which presented great potential for revenues due to the growing population. The company built bottling plants in India and also contracted with local entrepreneur to facilitate the circulation of the products. Acquisition of local beverages companies, aggressive advertising campaigns and competitive pricing played an important role in helping penetrating the market and gave Coca-Cola a competitive advantage over local beverages. In no time, Coca-Cola had gained the trust of the population and experienced a tremendous growth of the business in the region. This success was tarnished when accusations were brought to the government of India about a discovery found in the tests conducted by the Center for Science and Environment (CSE), a Non-Governmental Organization in India. The discovery revealed that elevated amount of toxic substances (including Lindane, DDT, malathion and Chlorpyrifos) had been found in Coke and Pepsi products; especially in soft drinks. These substances are known to be dangerous to human health including causing cancer, birth defects and damage to the nervous and reproductive systems. Following this discovery, India’s government banned all Coke and Pepsi products and launched an independent investigation. Coke stock price plumed; the company promised to launch its own investigation and provide the results of the tests to disclaim the CSE’s accusations to regain the trust of the consumers in India. Previous cases involving Coca-Cola Company show that this is not the first time that the company is involved in this type of allegations. The purpose of this letter is to bring to your attention the ethical issue presented in Coke’s business practices with emphasis on product safety and quality. The practices presented in the facts above need to be investigated and resolved. If these practices are not investigated and addressed, the effects to the population will be very devastating for many. The concerns will eventually spread out of India and pose great distress to the community of soft drinks consumers around the world. In addition to the consumers, these concerns will also affect India’s population, employment growth In India, the employees, current and future investors, the suppliers and the competitors. In response to these practices, I am proposing three different approaches that can be used to solve the dilemma and I hope that one of them can ultimately be implemented. The three alternative resolutions are based on the Utilitarian principle, the ethics of Virtues and Kant’s Categorical Imperative rule. The Utilitarian principle calls for actions that would produce the greatest balance of happiness over unhappiness (James, 2010). If Coca-Cola wants to regain the trust of its consumers and reassures them of the non-validity of the accusations, it should use mass media and communicate the results of their own tests to the greatest number of people. Instead of doing so, the companies redirected the consumers to its website to find the information. Now in a population with a low per capita of 6 bottles per year, I do not think that finding the results on the website is a proper media source for the consumers. Coming clean about the allegations will reassure the consumers and all the stakeholders. If the company uses the mass media to publish its results, the vast majority of population will get answers to the concerns and this will also help the company increase sales and attract more investors. Another solution will be based on the ethics of Virtues. According to Aristotle, a virtue is a trait or character manifested in habitual action (James, 2010). Here, Coke and Pepsi should construct positive behaviors of honesty and care and therefore invest more resources in educating the population on the processes used to manufacture their beverages; from the collection of water to the cleanliness of the trucks used for transportation of the final products without of course revealing the recipe of the drinks. The purpose of this step is to present consumers the strict safety standards that the companies claimed they use at all times in their manufacturing lants. In doing so, these companies show care for their consumers and their willingness to abide to regulations. The facts presented above show that this is not the first time Coca-Cola is involved in this type of allegations as mentioned in the Belgium case of 1999. Instead of taking responsibility for the accusations Ivester, Coca-Cola’s CEO at the time on visit in Paris, returned to the U. S. A without responding to the crisis; leaving the consumer in distress. This is not a behavior of a person who cares about the well-being of the consumers. To avoid this type of habit to develop, it is important to implement policies that ensure that the processes of manufacturing these goods are well presented to consumers. The third alternative resolution is based on Kant’s Categorical Imperative rule. Kant defined this rule as follow: â€Å"act only according to that maximum by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law† (James, 2010). Kant’s Categorical Imperative rule calls to act in such a way that the action taken under the circumstance could be a universal law, rule or behavior. I think that Coke, Pepsi and other beverage companies in India should joint the government in developing standards that they believe are strict enough to eliminate the potential for contamination in the manufacturing process of the soft drinks. These standards will also ensure a safe delivery of the final products. Everything use to produce and deliver the final product should be free of all contaminants. In developing these standards, companies involved and the government should make sure that the standards apply to all the parties involved in the production of beverages. In conclusion, I believe that the ethics of Virtues is the best approach to address this issue. A company that cares about the well being of its consumers always engages in activities that promote that objective. By caring for the consumers, managers at Coca-Cola and Pepsi will ensure that all the proper steps are taken to eliminate contamination. If a contamination occurs somehow, the company should take responsibility for the event and assist in resolving it; not run away and abandon the consumers in distress. Corporations should face the consequences of their actions at all time.

A Detailed Speech Outline

This page explains how to make a detailed outline of a speech. It should be remembered that depending on the type of speech, the outline may vary. However, if you base your speeches on this outline you should be able to make a successful speech. In order to make a detailed and useful outline you must understand the structure of a speech. The basic structure of a speech and how to make a simple outline has been explained on another page. On that page it was shown that there are three main parts to a speech; The Introduction, The Body, and The Conclusion. These three parts can be further broken down.The structure of these three main parts can be seen in the outline below. A presentation outline is a way to organize your material logically and clearly. You should make an outline before you start to write a speech. In fact the writing of a speech comes towards the end of the speech creation process (see '11 Steps to Creating a Speech'). By using a presentation outline, you can â€Å"see † your speech and determine where you need to add or revise information. It provides the structure for the introduction, body, and conclusion of your speech. In addition, it can serve as your speaking script.This outline consists of Four parts; The Header, The Introduction, The Body, and The Conclusion. Before you start writing your speech you should make an outline using these 4 headings and their sub headings. 1. Header Topic Decide on your topic. Audience Analyze your audience. What do they already know about your topic? Are they interested in the topic? Refine and limit topic Based on your analysis of the audience you may need to slightly change you topic, by either changing the focus, or the scale of the topic. Purpose Statement Write down a clear statement of what it is you intend to achieve.What is the purpose of your speech. For example; The purpose of this speech is to inform the audience how to travel in Japan without spending to much money. Organizational Method or Pattern There is no single way to organize a speech. The pattern you will select will be determined by the information you have and the specific purpose you want to achieve. There are six basic patterns for organizing a speech: Logical or topical Chronological Spatial Classification Problem-Solution Cause-effect Once you have completed these five parts of the ‘Header', you are then ready to start planning the speech itself. . Introduction Greeting and Attention getter How will you greet the audience? How will you get the audience's attention? Think of a sentence that will make the audience sit up and listen. Thesis Statement The ‘purpose statement' is where you simply state what your goal is. However, it is not possible to use this in the speech. You need to convert it to a ‘thesis statement'. A thesis statement is one sentence in the introduction in which you declare your purpose and topic. For example, a thesis statement of the above purpose statement would be; à ¢â‚¬ËœTraveling in Japan need not be an extravagance. Credibility If the audience do not know who you are, you will not only need to introduce yourself, but you will also need to ‘establish your credibility'. This means you will have to explain to the audience why you are ‘qualified' to speak about the subject. Outline of main the points – overview What are your main points? Why? Tell your audience why you think your presentation will be useful to them. 3. The body Transition Think of a sentence that will make it clear to the audience that you have finished the introduction, and are now about to start the body of the speech.Main points and ideas Main ideas Supporting ideas Details & Examples Visuals Write your main points and ideas hereWhat ideas will you tell the audience to support your main points? What details or examples do you have? Will you have any visuals to help explain your points? main ideas = sub-topics supporting ideas = sub-sub topics evidence = det ails and examples 4. The conclusion Transition Think of a sentence that will make it clear to the audience that you have finished the body and are now coming to the end of the speech. Restatement of main pointsSummarize your main ideas and think of which piece of information you really want the audience to remember. Closer Think of a final sentence to help the audience remember your speech. Note that the presentation outline is not a word-for-word script for the speech but an outline of ideas to serve as an organizational and presentation tool for the speaker. Once you have finished the outline you are then ready to start writing. Copy this into a word processor document, and use the headings to make your own outline for your demonstration speech.

Ch 10 Boeing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ch 10 Boeing - Case Study Example Various factors both internal and external lead to this downfall of Boeing in late 90’s and early this decade. Boeing has now managed to strike gold again with Dreamliner while Airbus stumbled. But both were troubled by poor outsourcing strategies. This essay tries to address factors during this phase. One of the main reasons for Boeing’s downfall was the financial problems in Asia which lead numerous orders being cancelled and postponed. Boeing took a very long time to anticipate the impact of economic conditions in Asia. If Boeing had anticipated the negative impact of Asian economy sooner, it could have prevented some of the problems that it confronted. It could have been well prepared and managed its production more intelligently which would help in avoiding losses. Boeing’s top management messed up big time and made disastrous calculations in the late 1990’s which caused huge losses to the company. They were too blind to look beyond their traditional strategy and were adamant to maintain the 60% market share. After their poor show the top management should have been fired and new management that would bring in fresh ideas should have been hired. This would help the company to attack the problem in a different way and come up with a better strategy. â€Å"Management worries too much about Airbus, and to hell with the stockholders†.

Alienation from others and process Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Alienation from others and process - Term Paper Example As a result, alienation results in the isolation and seclusion of the individual. This often deprives the individual the necessary social support system and making him more vulnerable to the vagaries of life and loneliness. Typical example would be a foreigner migrating to a new country with a different cultural and belief system. The foreigner, being different, is typically alienated or separated from the bigger group due to the difference of origin, belief system or sheer non-familiarity. Such, the foreigner is often left isolated and alone, and not included in whatever process that the bigger group may undertake. It is usual that in any conversation or social interaction, that particular foreigner is often left out. And even when he will have the chance to interact, his opinion or presence is often ignored being relegated to coming from a different person. If the person is part of an organization, he will have no control over decisions as to what the group would like to undertake. But is rather forced to abide due to his alienation from the process.

Personal professional development Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal professional development - Case Study Example nts in the gathering are some of those experiences which enable the leaner to explore those things and topics and issues which have not been read and understood previously. Many sources enable students to learn new and important things. For example, journal articles, books, website information and tutorial videos on YouTube are the most important sources for self-managed learning strategies. Self-reliance would be a key advantage. In the traditional learning style, a learner is required to rely on the support and attention of a tutor. And for this purpose, the learner is required to receive time, energy and attention from the tutor whereas the learner does not face such issues but more reliance is put on one’s own learning abilities in the self-managed learning approaches. Self-confidence is also improved. It has been observed that when a learner receives knowledge from a tutor; he is not only relying but also obtaining support for developing confidence on the learned things. On the other hand, the learner relies on the self-learning and self-managed strategies in which self-confidence is also increased naturally. The above mentioned self-managed learning approaches are only useful when the application of SWOT analysis is carried out. The SWOT stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats as well.1 These four strategic words enable a learner to pinpoint and understand his/her own strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats as well. For example, if the learner is confident about some key words which are mainly used for understanding a topic, he can use and avail the source of the Internet for quickly learning new knowledge and improve self-confidence and experience a reduced reliance on the support of the tutors. It is not possible to use all constituent parts of the SWOT simultaneously. The SWOT approach has four parts and each one is totally and markedly different from the other. Under this situation, it would be very difficult to fully

Propaganda Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Propaganda - Term Paper Example Firstly, the total can be understood as a function of the effect of the entire message. Lowe’s provided on its handouts the following quote, â€Å"To honor our armed forces, Lowes will be providing customers will complimentary bumper stickers that offer a simple ‘Thank You’ to our troops. A limited quantity of ‘Thank You’ stickers, with an image of the American flag, will be available in-store during the veterans day weekend.† The totality of this message, although simple, has various levels of meaning that help to explain why such a symbol serves as a piece of propaganda (Collins 15). Though further meaning will be extrapolated from each of the words that this statement entails, it is important to weigh the statement from its total meaning. Two main thoughts are therefore passed to the reader. The first of these is that it is their responsibility to honor sacrifice. The second is that Lowe’s is performing this service by virtue of its u nderstanding of the role it plays as a community leader. Secondly, the particular piece of propaganda must be understood with relation to the time that it appeared. Firstly, this understanding of time is with relation to the time of year that the bumper stickers appeared; that of Veteran’s Day. Thus, the powerfully evocative effect is that one understands this particular part of the year/season is important and should necessarily be noted by both shopper and retailer alike. It is worth additionally noted that implied within this form of propaganda is the distinct understanding the sacrifices of the troops that are being â€Å"thanked† allows us to enjoy the American way – capitalism, low prices, and a warehouse full of choices. Although none of this is directly printed, the implied levels of meaning are most certainly extant. Likewise, the element of time relates to some other concurrent

Caffeine Addiction (energy drinks) of College Students Term Paper

Caffeine Addiction (energy drinks) of College Students - Term Paper Example This sets it apart from other psychoactive drugs. It promotes alertness and wakefulness. However, it is also said to have side effects such as increased heartbeat, dizziness, nausea, vomiting and insomnia, which are the most common. Rare side effects include abdominal bloating, dehydration and bloody diarrhea. Energy drinks such as Red Bull and Monster, are a popular beverage among college students as they are believed to give energy and boost performance while studying or working on major course projects, driving for long periods of time, to treat hangover and when drinking alcohol during partying. Energy drinks have also been marketed to aid in weight loss, maintain alertness, mood and cognitive enhancement, performance in athletics and concentration. The beverages stimulate the central nervous system and the users expect performance improvement physically and mentally (Hoyte, Albert, & Heard, 2013). Combining energy drinks and alcohol has dangerous effects since they enhance stimulation and promote behavioral inhibition. Most people tend to undermine their levels of alcohol intoxication since the symptoms of alcohol have been reduced. Energy drinks also increase the alcohol absorption rates and have also been associated with the use of marijuana, consumption of alcohol, aggressive behavior, risky sexual behavior and driving under the influence of alcohol. Alcohol related deaths are on the increase due to dampened intoxication levels (Velazquez, Poulos, Latimer, & Pasch, 2012). In addition, most people have very minimum knowledge regarding the ingredients found in energy drinks and their potential harmful effects both physiologically and psychologically. The drinks contain sugar, caffeine, vitamins, carbohydrates, guarana, taurine and ginseng, which are herbal supplements. Kola nuts and cocoa are additives that may be added to increase the caffeine content in the energy drinks. Varying ingredient combinations are common and thus they